Regarding reflections on one ’s experiences, Neisser identified three types of self-representation that emerge in later infancy and childhood with cognitive and social maturation. Neisser proposed that these two types of self-representation develop early in infancy. The “ecological self, ” connections of oneself to experiences in the physical environment, and the “interpersonal self, ” connections of oneself to others through verbal or nonverbal communication, comprise direct perception of experience. Like James, psychologist Ulric Neisser distinguished between one ’s self-representation connected to directly perceived experiences and that resulting from reflection on one ’s experiences. Cognitive perspectives suggest that one ’s self-representation affects how one thinks about and gives meaning to experiences. In the late twentieth century, researchers began to argue that the self is a cognitive and social construction. These include: (1) the material self (e.g., tangible objects or possessions we collect for ourselves) (2) the social self (e.g., how we interact and portray ourselves within different groups, situations, or persons) and (3) the spiritual self (e.g., internal dispositions). James further distinguished three components of the Me Self. Other terms such as self-view, self-image, self-schema, and self-concept are also used to describe the self-referent thoughts characteristic of the Me Self. characterizing oneself as athletic, smart, cooperative). ” The I Self reflects what people see or perceive themselves doing in the physical world (e.g., recognizing that one is walking, eating, writing), whereas the Me Self is a more subjective and psychological phenomenon, referring to individuals ’ reflections about themselves (e.g. James described two aspects of the self that he termed the “I Self ” and “Me Self. Philosopher and psychologist William James (1842 –1910) was one of the first to postulate a theory of the self in The Principles of Psychology. Self-representation has important implications for socio-emotional functioning throughout the lifespan. Self-development is a continuous process throughout the lifespan one ’s sense of self may change, at least somewhat, throughout one ’s life. How people define themselves in relation to others greatly influences how they think, feel, and behave, and is ultimately related to the construct of identity.
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